ࡱ> )` Rfbjbj6{{6-  444845 wl,6^6"6667"8 8,k.k.k.k.k.k.k$Unhp`Rk vF77vFvFRk 662l,aaavF 6 6,kavF,kaa a6 6 `潽D4dV. a,k/lHwlaq_qaq a$ 8;a=>888RkRk`d888wlvFvFvFvF   '    '    [_ybf[bYVf[b,gykNeQ\Oĉ :NĉeQ\O 9hncf[!h gsQeN|^y ~TYf[yvyrp bb[,gyueQ\O-Nv 0eBl0e~g0e(ϑ0ċRhQ0cHr\O(uR͋ N[_YO(uR T͋v ^Y~O(uR T͋0 2.5 cke-Nvh cke-NvTzSwNu0N~hsSTzvh USr`SNLE\-N W[SO:NTimes New Roman NS |SO0N~hW[SO:NTimes New Roman VS |SO ]ve(W_Tb0, the writers focus on the unique contribution that each individual learner brings to the learning situation. b09Yl_NSNMON_틄vgT0 According to Alun Rees the writers focus on the unique contribution that each individual learner brings to the learning situation (1986: 234). 4) eg틇ez0NWvc_ \OY T(We-Nl gc0R e(WebSsquare brackets [ ] NQ0OY Rd͋S He stated,  The  placebo effect, ... disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner (Smith, 1982: 76), but he did not clarify which behaviors were studied. mR͋~ Smith (1982:276) found that  the placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when [his own and others ] behaviors were studied in this manner. ( e R9e؏/fmRW[͋GW N_Sf_틄vSa0 ( laYg Rd/f(WSQ ^zzNen sS9Yl>e(WteWW_(uvSSTb Y NOv(Auster, 2002: 97)teWW_(uT'}c@wk=v,{NLN, N)ۏ Finding such an alternative space becomes the main objective for several characters in the novel; its various passing physical incarnations range from the small room in Brooklyn to the inn in the countryside, from the moving car to the curtained hospital cubicle. In the last of these, the ailing narrator, Nathan Glass, is forced to surrender his active sense of external reference points: I dont think Ive ever been more numb to my surroundings than I was that night, more locked into myself, more absent. [. . .] I know it doesnt make any sense, but lying in that boxed-in enclosure with the beeping machines and the wires clamped to my skin was the closest I have come to being nowhere, to being inside myself and outside myself at the same time. (Auster, 2002: 297) While the narrators life-threatening condition can hardly be equated with the same kind of pleasant disorientation as the three experiential chronotopes described above, it still entails disconnection from reality lteWW_(u^nx| &{TLe;teWW_(uMRT^ gN[{E^v \g~X xteWW_(u [_ev NvL:N ~TOP[ Recently, the history of warfare has been significantly revised by critics (Higonnet et al, 1987: 334-35) to include women s personal and cultural responses to battle and its resultant traumatic effects. Feminist researchers now concur that It is no longer true to claim that women's responses to the war have been ignored (Raitt & Tate, 1997: 2). Though these studies focus solely on women's experiences, they err by collectively perpetuating the masculine-centered impressions originating in Fussell (1975) and Bergonzi (1996). However, Tylee further criticizes Fussell, arguing that his study treated memory and culture as if they belonged to a sphere beyond the existence of individuals or .   6 8 D l n    4 ݽ|r|fOCh e5B*CJph,Hh;Ghd h e5B*CJo(phhoB*CJo(phh eB*CJphh e5CJ\o(h e5B*CJ\o(ph%h e5B*CJOJPJaJo(ph( *h e5B*CJOJPJaJo(phh eB*CJo(ph'Hh;hr@B*CJPJo(phh eB*CJPJo(ph(h e5B*CJOJPJ\aJo(ph,.  8 n   N ~ dD^` dD^` dD^`dD^dD$a$$dDa$ dDWD`$dha$ d \^jl02>B&(xگڝڝگ|r|h|r_r_r_r_rh e5CJ\h eB*CJphh e5CJ\o(h e5B*CJ\o(ph#Hh;Gh eB*CJo(ph#Hh;Gh eB*CJo(ph#Hh;h eB*CJo(phhwhwB*CJphhwB*CJo(phh eB*CJo(phh e5B*CJphh e5B*CJo(ph$ ,6(xr~&dDVDWD^`gdFoD'd&VDWD^`&sdDVDWD^s`gdFoD'd&rVDWD^r` dDWD` dDWD`dDdD^dDVDWD^`vxv8z^4$ dh1$VDWD8^` a$$dh1$VD^a$gdK$dh1$WD`a$$dh1$VDWD^`a$dDdDVDWD^`XdDVDWD^`X8\dhj꾱ꢇkWAWk*h eCJOJQJ^JfHo(q 'h eCJOJQJ^JfHq 7h e0JB*CJOJQJ^JfHo(ph"""q 4h e0JB*CJOJQJ^JfHph"""q h e5B*CJ\o(ph *h eB*CJo(ph *h e5B*CJo(phh e5B*CJo(phh eB*CJOJQJo(phh eB*CJo(phh eCJOJQJFH,.@dhWD^`hdhWDj^h`fdhWDU^`f dhVD^ dhWD8^` dh$a$$dDVDWD^`a$dD6BDFNXZ| 68H\zվէ՚ՎtվʅվhէՎվh e5B*CJphf h e5B*CJPJ\o(phfh e5CJo(h e5CJPJ\o(h e>*B*CJo(phh eB*CJphfh e5B*CJo(phfh eB*CJo(phfh e5CJPJo( h eCJo( *h#h e5CJo(, *h e5B*CJOJPJQJaJo(ph(&4DHj6<@JZbn.Nl & 6 V h x !R!r!ɺՐ~h e5CJPJo( hE!CJo( h#CJo(h eB*CJ\o(phfh e5B*CJo(phfh eCJ\o(h e5CJo( h eCJh e5CJPJ\o( h eCJo(h eB*CJphfh eB*CJo(phfh e5B*CJ\phf1F!,"6#8#P$R$n$$$% dDWD` dDWD`dD$a$fdhWDU^`f 3dhVD^3gdSHY dhWD8^` gdh^gdhhdhWDj^h`r!!!!*","4">"`"b"z"""""##@#D#"$$$P$R$l$n$z$|$$햁n_P_h e5B*CJ\o(phh e5B*CJ\o(ph%h e5B*CJOJPJaJo(ph( *h e5B*CJOJPJaJo(phh e5B*CJo(ph h eCJh eB*CJphfh e5B*CJo(phfh e5CJPJ\o(h e5CJo( *h e5CJo( *h e5CJPJ\o( h eCJo(h eB*CJo(phf$$%%%% & &(&*&F&H&R&T&X&n&&''D'F'^'`'x'z'''''n(p(@)N)p*r*v****V+f++++V,Z,p,,,,,,*-..8.D.F.J.L.V..>/X///000"001j1v1x1#Hh;h eB*CJo(phh eB*CJphh eB*CJOJQJo(phh eB*CJo(phh e5B*CJ\phI%%%J&&&'''0)P)*r***+&,V,,-*-$Xdh1$WD`Xa$$dh1$VDWDd^`a$ $ dh1$a$$dh1$WD,`a$$dh1$WD`a$*-P.f..0401123`44F5x5f689:;|< $dh1$a$$HHdh1$UDVDWD]H^H`a$$dh1$VD^a$$dh1$WD`a$$ dh1$VDWD8^` a$x111123`4f4h4444D5F5H5L5V5X5x5z556686:6f6899%:&:4:;T<ٻ٭x٭l_lh e6B*CJo(phh e6B*CJph! *h eB*CJOJQJo(ph#Hh;h eB*CJo(ph#Hh;h eB*CJo(phh eB*CJOJQJph! jh eB*CJOJQJph jh eB*CJphh eB*CJOJQJo(phh eB*CJo(phh eB*CJph!T<x<|<<|=~=6>7>>>??@d6d8ddddddddddd$e0e2e4eFeHeJeLePedefefffg g"gṯo)Hh;h e5B*CJ\o(phh e5CJ\ Hh;h e5CJ\o( Hh;h e5CJ\o(h e5CJ\o(h e5B*CJ\o(phUh eB*CJphh e5B*CJo(phh eB*CJo(ph#Hh;Gh eB*CJo(ph*|<<[?"e$efeff&gBh~iipkkJlLl dHWD`;xdDVDWD2^;`x;}dDVDWD4^;`}dhVDWDd^` dhWD`dD$dh1$WD`a$$dh1$WD`a$ KdDWD^`Kthe control of institutions (1990: 6). 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